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The Soviet Union was a state comprising fifteen communist republics which existed from 1922 until its dissolution into a series of separate nation states in 1991. Of these fifteen republics, six had a Muslim majority, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.〔Hannah, Abdul. "Chapter 1." ''Early History of Spread of Islam in (former) Soviet Union''. 16 Sep 2002. Witness Pioneer. 14 Feb 2007 ()〕 There was also a large Muslim presence in the Volga-Ural region and most of the population of North Caucasus of the Russian Federation were Muslims and a large number of Tatar Muslims lived in Siberia and other regions.〔 The Bolsheviks wanted to include as much as possible of the former Russian Empire within the Soviet Union. This meant they were faced with a number of contradictions as they set out to establish the Soviet Union in regions with strong Islamic influences. Although actively encouraging atheism, Soviet authorities permitted limited religious activity in all the Muslim republics.〔http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-12521.html〕 Mosques functioned in most large cities of the Central Asian republics and the Azerbaijan SSR; however, their number decreased from 25,000 in 1917 to 500 in the 1970s. In 1989, as part of the general relaxation of restrictions on religions, some additional Muslim religious associations were registered, and some of the mosques that had been closed by the government were returned to Muslim communities. The government also announced plans to permit training of limited numbers of Muslim religious leaders in courses of two- and five-year duration in Ufa and Baku, respectively. In the late 1980s, Islam had the second largest number of believers in the Soviet Union, with between 45 and 50 million people identifying themselves as Muslims. But the Soviet Union had only about 500 working Islamic mosques, a fraction of the mosques in pre-revolutionary Russia, and Soviet law forbade Islamic religious activity outside working mosques and Islamic schools. All working mosques, religious schools, and Islamic publications were supervised by four "spiritual directorates" established by Soviet authorities to provide governmental control. The Spiritual Directorate for Central Asia and Kazakhstan, the Spiritual Directorate for the European Soviet Union and Siberia, and the Spiritual Directorate for the Northern Caucasus and Dagestan oversaw the religious life of Sunni Muslims. The Spiritual Directorate for Transcaucasia dealt with both Sunni and Shia Muslims. The overwhelming majority of the Muslims were Sunnis; only about 10 percent, most of whom lived in the Azerbaijan, were Shias.〔http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-12520.html〕 ==Lenin's rule== Unlike the Russian Orthodox Christian church, the Muslims of the Soviet Union originally encountered a larger degree of religious freedom under the new Bolshevik rule. Vladimir Lenin oversaw the return of religious artifacts, such as the Uthman Quran,〔Crouch, Dave. "The Bolsheviks and Islam." ''International Socialism: A quarterly journal of socialist theory''. 110. 14 Feb 2007. ()〕 the foundations of court systems using principles of Islamic law which ran alongside the Communist legal system,〔 Jadids and other "Islamic socialists" were given positions of power,〔 an affirmative action system called "korenizatsiya" (''nativisation'') was implemented which helped the local Muslim populace,〔 while Friday, the Muslim Sabbath, was declared the legal day of rest throughout Central Asia.〔 Under the Tsars, Muslims were brutally repressed and the Eastern Orthodox Church was the official religion. On 24 November 1917 Lenin declared;
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